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91.
Making index insurance attractive to farmers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anthony Patt Nicole Peterson Michael Carter Maria Velez Ulrich Hess Pablo Suarez 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(8):737-753
There are several factors that influence whether people will want to participate in index insurance programs. A number of
these influence their attractiveness on economic grounds, including both the size and timing of the premium and potential
payouts, and the degree of risk aversion of the potential customers. Other factors make programs attractive for reasons that
are not economic, but no less valid. These have to do with the trust that people have in the insurance product and the organizations
involved in selling and managing it. Indeed, data from India, Africa, and South America show that these factors may be more
important than the economic ones in influencing demand. Index insurance pilot projects, in order to estimate demand for alternative
products, have typically involved a great deal of interaction with potential customers. It is important to recognize that
such interaction is crucial not just as a research tool, but also as a means to build understanding and trust in the products.
When scaling up from isolated pilots to operational programs, it is vital to recognize this trust building function by replicating
participation efforts in every community. In this paper, we examine the role of field games in establishing and building trust
in three important aspects of these projects for participants: trust in the insurance product, trust in the participating
organizations, and trust in their own ability to make good decisions. While games have previously been used as a way to gauge
interest in the product and to identify design features, we argue that these games are also valuable tools for constructing
these kinds of trust. 相似文献
92.
Quang A. Phung Allen L. Thompson Claire Baffaut Christine Costello E. John Sadler Bohumil M. Svoma Anthony Lupo Sagar Gautam 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(5):1196-1215
Anticipating changes in hydrologic variables is essential for making socioeconomic water resource decisions. This study aims to assess the potential impact of land use and climate change on the hydrologic processes of a primarily rain‐fed, agriculturally based watershed in Missouri. A detailed evaluation was performed using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for the near future (2020–2039) and mid‐century (2040–2059). Land use scenarios were mapped using the Conversion of Land Use and its Effects model. Ensemble results, based on 19 climate models, indicated a temperature increase of about 1.0°C in near future and 2.0°C in mid‐century. Combined climate and land use change scenarios showed distinct annual and seasonal hydrologic variations. Annual precipitation was projected to increase from 6% to 7%, which resulted in 14% more spring days with soil water content equal to or exceeding field capacity in mid‐century. However, summer precipitation was projected to decrease, a critical factor for crop growth. Higher temperatures led to increased potential evapotranspiration during the growing season. Combined with changes in precipitation patterns, this resulted in an increased need for irrigation by 38 mm representing a 10% increase in total irrigation water use. Analysis from multiple land use scenarios indicated converting agriculture to forest land can potentially mitigate the effects of climate change on streamflow, thus ensuring future water availability. 相似文献
93.
Hosein Ghaedi Payam Kalhor Ming Zhao Peter T. Clough Edward J. Anthony Paul S. Fennell 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(7):92
94.
95.
Anthony T. Diplock 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(4):305-311
Selenium is an element that is both essential, at low levels of dietary intake, and toxic, at high levels, to man and a wide range of animals. The purpose of the communication is to review the evidence for the involvement of hyper‐ and hypo‐selenosis in the aetiology of cancer. High levels of selenium intake have been blamed for an increase in cancer, dental caries and an array of other conditions. Critical evaluation of the evidence, however, leads to the conclusion that such claims have little substance. On the other hand, low levels of selenium intake may be associated with an increased incidence of certain forms of cancer and there appears to be an inverse relationship between blood selenium levels and cancer death rate in the United States. Keshan Disease, in the People's Republic of China has only been shown to occur in populations severely depleted of selenium. In well nourished populations there is no evidence to indicate that selenium supplements have any prophylactic or therapeutic benefit against human diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease or cystic fibrosis. 相似文献
96.
Ángel F. Herrera-Ulloa Anthony T. Charles Salvador E. Lluch-Cota Hermán Ramirez-Aguirre Sergio Hernández-Váquez Alfredo Ortega-Rubio 《国际发展与全球生态学杂志》2013,20(4):353-360
Sustainable development, as a multi-dimensional concept, is difficult to measure. Some efforts using indicators and indices have appeared in recent years, but most were developed on a national scale. Use of sustainability indicators has proven valuable for attaining better management of the environment by minimizing information gaps and maximizing community capabilities in terms of economic, social, environmental, and institutional sustainability dimensions. However, at least in the case of developing countries, the potential exists that national sustainability measures, based on national level indicators, may mask problems in sub-national zones with highly unsustainable conditions. This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate sustainable development at a local level, the use of which could be helpful in comparing different regions within a country or even among different countries. National sustainability indicators should result from a combination (whether additive or proportional) of regional sustainability indicators, as developed in this paper. 相似文献
97.
Transport strategies have been developed for nine European cities to achieve optimum performance in terms of a range of objective functions. The functions selected represent economic efficiency, sustainability and a combination of these. The strategies have been based on combinations of a standard set of policy instruments, including public transport infrastructure, frequency and fares, road capacity increases, low cost road pricing and parking charges. The optimisation method is described, and results presented. The reactions of city authorities to the proposed strategies are discussed and implications for transport policy outlined. 相似文献
98.
短时间间隔的土地利用变化监测 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
传统的土地利用变化监测方法已无法完全满足当前经济的快速发展和城市急剧扩张的要求,利用光学遥感数据对地观测也受到天气和云层覆盖等诸多因素的限制。而Radarsat-1等雷达遥感数据可以在"全天候"的条件下对地表进行观测。论文以Radarsat-1图像获取的24 d时间周期为最短时间间隔,分析了24 d、48 d和72 d时间间隔下的土地利用变化监测,对短时间间隔内的土地利用变化监测的结果进行了总结。监测的结果需要在精度与时间间隔之间做出取舍。对于大部分的情况,24 d的时间间隔已可以得到60%以上精度的结果,部分月份的监测需要48 d的监测时间间隔。若需要更高的精度,则需要72 d甚至更长。 相似文献
99.
Understanding how data uncertainty influences ecosystem analysis is critical as we move toward ecosystem-based management. Here, we investigate how 18 Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) indicators that characterize ecosystem growth, development, and condition are affected by uncertainty in an ecosystem model of Lake Sidney Lanier (USA). We applied ENA to 122 plausible parameterizations of the ecosystem developed by Borrett and Osidele (2007, Ecological Modelling 200, 371-387), and then used the coefficient of variation (CV) to compare system indicator variability. We considered Total System Throughput (TST) as a measure of the underlying model uncertainty and tested three hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that non-ratio indicators whose calculation includes the TST would be at least as variable as TST if not more variable. Second, we postulated that indicators calculated as ratios, with TST in the numerator and denominator would tend to be less variable than TST because its influence will cancel. Last, we expected the Average Mutual Information (AMI) to be less variable than TST because it is a bounded function. Our work shows that the 18 indicators grouped into four categories. The first group has significantly larger CVs than the CV for TST. In this group, model uncertainty is amplified rendering these three indicators less useful. The second group of four indicators shows no significant difference in variability with respect to TST. Finally, there are two groups whose CV values are significantly lower than that for TST. The least variable group includes the ratio-based indicators and Average Mutual Information. Due to their low variability, we conclude that these indicators are the most robust to the parameter uncertainty and most useful for ecosystem assessment and comparative ecosystem analysis. In summary, this work suggests that we can be as certain, or more certain, in most of the selected ENA indicators as we are in the parameters of the model analyzed. 相似文献
100.
Human dietary intake and excretion of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs)--collectively referred to as dioxin-like compounds (DLCs)--were investigated. Two groups of seven subjects were studied during 1999 and 2000: one aged 23.9 +/- 4.5 years, the other aged 49.4 +/- 5.2 years. For each subject, two week-long experiments were held. In one, omnivorous diets were administered, whilst in the other, a vegan diet was studied. While exposures via the omnivorous diets exceeded those via the vegan diet on a sigmaWHO-TEQ basis; for some subjects sigmaPCB exposures were comparable in both diets, implying that plant-based foods can make an appreciable contribution to exposure to sigmaPCB. For all subjects, the average dietary exposure during the omnivorous trial to PCDD/Fs and PCBs combined (expressed as WHO-TEQ) was--at 1.09 pg kg(-1) bw d(-1)--lower than recent UK "food-basket" estimates. For the same diet, the average sigmaPCB exposure for all subjects was--at 5.01 microg person(-1) d(-1)--higher than recent UK "food-basket" estimates, but consistent with recent estimates for other industrialised countries. Net absorption/excretion but not faecal excretion rates of DLCs were related to dietary intakes. Furthermore, excretion rates of the most persistent DLCs--i.e. PCB #s 138, 153, and 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD--were statistically significantly greater for the older subjects. Combined, these data imply that excretion rate is dependent on body burden, and that the majority of DLCs in human faeces arise from endogenous excretion. 相似文献